System and method for gas-phase sulfur passivation of a semiconductor surface

ABSTRACT

Improved methods and systems for passivating a surface of a high-mobility semiconductor and structures and devices formed using the methods are disclosed. The method includes providing a high-mobility semiconductor surface to a chamber of a reactor and exposing the high-mobility semiconductor surface to a gas-phase sulfur precursor to passivate the high-mobility semiconductor surface.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit and priority of ProvisionalApplication No. 61/676,829, filed on Jul. 27, 2012, entitled SYSTEM ANDMETHOD FOR GAS-PHASE SULFUR PASSIVATION OF A SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACE, thecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference to the extent thecontents do not conflict with the present disclosure.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The disclosure generally relates to methods and systems used tomanufacture semiconductor devices and to devices formed using thesystems and methods. More particularly, exemplary embodiments of thepresent disclosure relate to systems and methods for gas-phase sulfurpassivation of a semiconductor surface.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

High-mobility semiconductors, such as germanium and compoundsemiconductors (e.g., III-V compound semiconductors) may be desirable touse in the fabrication of semiconductor devices because of theirrelatively high electron and/or hole mobility. Devices formed withhigh-mobility semiconductor material may theoretically exhibit betterperformance, faster speeds, reduced power consumption, and have higherbreakdown fields compared to similar devices formed with alower-mobility semiconductor, such as silicon.

High-mobility semiconductor materials may be used, for example, tofabricate metal oxide field effect (MOSFET) devices. A typical MOSFETdevice includes a source region, a drain region, and a channel region,each formed of semiconductor material. The MOSFET also includes adielectric material (gate dielectric) and conductive material (e.g.,metal) overlying the channel region. The dielectric material andconductive material are formed by depositing the respective materialsusing vacuum or gas-phase deposition techniques, such as chemical vapordeposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, atomic layerdeposition, physical vapor deposition, or the like.

Unfortunately, the interface between the channel region of the device,formed of high-mobility semiconductor materials such as germanium orIII-V semiconductor materials, and the gate dielectric (e.g., highdielectric constant (k) materials) typically includes a large interfacetrap density (D_(it)). The high D_(it) values are thought to result fromvacancies and dangling bonds at the surface of the high-mobilitysemiconductor material, and the high D_(it) values deleteriously affectthe performance of devices formed with the high-mobility materials andhave been a technical challenge to the development of complementarymetal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices using such high-mobilitysemiconductor materials.

Various approaches to passivate a high mobility semiconductor surfaceprior to dielectric deposition, in order to achieve reduced interfacetrap densities, have been tried. For example, III-V semiconductormaterials passivated with sulfur by immersing the materials in wetchemical (NH₄)₂S solutions have shown improved interface properties,resulting in improved device performance. However, the immersion basedpassivation process is difficult to integrate into a vacuum or gas-phasedeposition system used for subsequent dielectric material deposition.Consequently, there is an undesired air exposure time following sulfurpassivation using wet chemical solution techniques and prior to thesubsequent deposition of the dielectric material. This air exposure canseverely affect the device performance, since the passivation layercannot fully prevent oxide regrowth during this exposure, and oxidegrowth on germanium and III-V semiconductor surfaces generally increasesD_(it). Additionally, performing solution-based passivation at elevatedtemperatures (e.g., >100° C.) is problematic; thus, the reactivity of(NH₄)₂S is limited.

Accordingly, improved methods and systems for passivating a surface ofhigh-mobility semiconductor materials and devices formed using themethods and systems are desired.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide improved systemsand methods for passivating a surface of a semiconductor using agas-phase sulfur precursor (which may originate as a solid, liquid, orgas phase) and devices formed using the systems and/or methods. Whilethe ways in which the various drawbacks of the prior art are discussedin greater detail below, in general, the systems and methods can be usedto fabricate semiconductor devices, using high-mobility semiconductormaterials, with relatively low D_(it) values.

In accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure, a systemincludes a vacuum and/or gas-phase (e.g., an atmospheric gas-phase)reactor and a sulfur precursor source in fluid communication with thereactor, wherein the sulfur precursor source provides a gas-phase sulfurprecursor within a reaction chamber of the reactor.

In accordance with further embodiments of the disclosure, a method ofpassivating a surface of a high-mobility semiconductor includes thesteps of providing the semiconductor surface to a chamber of a reactor,exposing the surface of the high-mobility semiconductor to a gas-phasesulfur precursor, and passivating the surface of the high-mobilitysemiconductor using the gas-phase sulfur precursor to form a passivatedhigh-mobility semiconductor surface.

In accordance with yet further embodiments of the disclosure, a deviceis formed using a system including a vacuum and/or gas-phase reactor anda sulfur precursor source fluidly coupled to the reactor, wherein thesulfur precursor source provides a gas-phase sulfur precursor within areaction chamber of the reactor.

And, in accordance with additional embodiments, a device is formed usinga method that includes exposing a high-mobility semiconductor surface toa gas-phase sulfur precursor within a reaction chamber of a reactor.

Both the foregoing summary and the following detailed description areexemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of thedisclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

A more complete understanding of the embodiments of the presentdisclosure may be derived by referring to the detailed description andclaims when considered in connection with the following illustrativefigures.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system in accordance with variousexemplary embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates a comparison of an amount of sulfur on a surface ofhigh-mobility semiconductor surfaces treated with gas-phase andaqueous-phase passivation processes;

FIGS. 3(a)-3(c) illustrate XPS graphs of a semiconductor surfacepassivated with a gas-phase sulfur precursor;

FIGS. 4(a)-4(d) illustrate capacitance-voltage characteristics ofstructures including passivated and non-passivated high-mobilitysemiconductor surfaces;

FIGS. 5(a)-5(c) illustrate additional capacitance-voltagecharacteristics of structures including passivated and non-passivatedhigh-mobility semiconductor surfaces; and

FIGS. 6(a)-6(c) illustrate additional capacitance-voltagecharacteristics of germanium structures including passivated andnon-passivated surfaces.

It will be appreciated that elements in the figures are illustrated forsimplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. Forexample, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may beexaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve theunderstanding of illustrated embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The description of exemplary embodiments of systems, methods, anddevices provided below is merely exemplary and is intended for purposesof illustration only; the following description is not intended to limitthe scope of the disclosure. Moreover, recitation of multipleembodiments having stated features is not intended to exclude otherembodiments having additional features or other embodimentsincorporating different combinations of the stated features.

As set forth in more detail below, the systems and methods describedherein can be used to passivate a surface of a semiconductor (e.g., ahigh mobility semiconductor, such as germanium (Ge) or III-Vsemiconductor). As used herein, “surface” means any portion of anexposed semiconductor surface. For example, the surface may be theentire exterior of a semiconductor wafer and/or layer or a portionthereof or a top surface of a semiconductor wafer and/or layer thereonor a portion of either.

Turning now to FIG. 1, a system 100 for passivating a semiconductorsurface is illustrated. System 100 includes a reactor 102, including areaction chamber 103, a substrate holder 104, and a gas distributionsystem 106; a sulfur precursor source 108; a carrier or purge gas source110; and valves 112, 114 interposed between the sources 108, 110 andreactor 102.

Reactor 102 may be a standalone reactor or part of a cluster tool.Further, reactor 102 may be dedicated to a surface passivation processas described herein, or reactor 102 may be used for otherprocesses—e.g., for layer deposition and/or etch processing. Forexample, reactor 102 may include a reactor typically used for chemicalvapor deposition (CVD) and/or atomic layer deposition (ALD) processing,and may include direct plasma, and/or remote plasma apparatus. Using aplasma during the passivation process may enhance the reactivity of thesulfur precursor. Further, reactor 102 may operate under a vacuum ornear atmospheric pressure. By way of one example, reactor 102 includes areactor suitable for subsequent ALD deposition of a dielectric materialonto substrate 116. An exemplary ALD reactor suitable for system 100 isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,922, the contents of which are herebyincorporated herein by reference, to the extent such contents do notconflict with the present disclosure.

Substrate holder 104 is designed to hold substrate or workpiece 116,having a semiconductor surface, in place during processing. Inaccordance with various exemplary embodiments, holder 104 may form partof a direct plasma circuit. Additionally or alternatively, holder 104may be heated, cooled, or be at ambient process temperature duringprocessing.

Although gas distribution system 106 is illustrated in block form, gasdistribution system 106 may be relatively complex and designed to mixvapor (gas) from sulfur precursor source 108 and carrier/purge gas fromone or more sources, such as gas source 110, prior to distributing thegas mixture to remainder of reactor 102. Further, system 106 may beconfigured to provide vertical (as illustrated) or horizontal flow ofgasses to the semiconductor surface. An exemplary gas distributionsystem is described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,152,922.

Sulfur precursor source 108 may be a liquid, solid, or gas source ofsulfur-containing material suitable for passivating a semiconductorsurface. If sulfur precursor source 108 is liquid or solid, the sourcematerial is vaporized prior to entering reaction chamber 103. Exemplarysulfur precursors for source 108 include (NH₄)₂S solution ((NH₄)₂S inaqueous solution—e.g., 22% solution), H₂S gas, NH₄HS solid, andorganosulfur compounds, such as thiourea, SC(NH₂)₂.

Sulfur precursor 108 may be used to passivate a variety of semiconductormaterial surfaces. For example, the precursor may be used to passivatedoped or undoped high mobility semiconductors, such as germanium, andIII-V semiconductors, such as GaAs, InGaAs, other III-V semiconductorsincluding Ga and/or As, and other III-V materials. By way of example,system 100 may be used to passivate a semiconductor surface includingdoped or undoped InGaAs, such as In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As.

Carrier or purge gas source 110 may include any suitable carrier gassuitable for mixing with the sulfur precursor from source 108 and/or anygas suitable for purging reactor 102 before and/or after sulfurpassivation of the semiconductor surface. In accordance with exemplaryembodiments of the disclosure, a purge gas may be nitrogen, argon,helium, or a combination thereof. The carrier gas may be nitrogen,argon, helium, or a combination thereof.

System 100 may also include a cleaning source 116, which includes solid,liquid, or gas phase chemicals to clean the semiconductor surface priorto passivation. For example, source 116 may include chemicals, which aregas-phase when entering chamber 113, to remove native oxides from thesemiconductor surface. Exemplary chemicals suitable for source 116include HCl, HF, NH₄OH, H₂, and hydrogen plasma.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, sources 108, 110, and 116 are in fluidcommunication with reactor 102 via valves 112, 114, and 118, which maybe used to control the flow, mixing, and distribution of the respectivesource materials to reactor 102 using supply lines 120-124.

During a semiconductor surface passivation process, wafer or workpiece116 is placed in chamber 103 of reactor 102, and reactor 102 is broughtto a desired pressure (e.g., about 1 to about 10 Torr) using vacuum pump126. Sulfur precursor material from source 108 is introduced into thereaction chamber 103 of reactor 102. If desired, carrier gas from source110 may be mixed with the sulfur precursor—e.g., using gas distributionsystem 106, prior to the sulfur precursor entering chamber 103.

The passivation process conditions may vary according to a number offactors, including, for example, a substrate size, a substrate type,prior substrate processing steps, a type of reactor, a size of thereactor, and the sulfur precursor. Table 1 below illustrates exemplaryprocess conditions for thermal and plasma passivation processes.

TABLE 1 CONDITIONS FOR THERMAL TREATMENT Sulfur source (e.g., Sulfurprecursor (e.g., Reaction (NH₄)₂S solution) vapor (NH₄)₂S solution)vapor chamber Temperature flux to reaction chamber concentration inreaction pressure Treatment ° C. (sccm) chamber (%) (Torr) time(s) Room100-4000 5-90 or 5-95 0.5 to 1-600 temperature atmospheric (RT)-350 or(e.g., 760) RT-400 or 1-10 CONDITIONS FOR PLASMA TREATMENT Sulfurprecursor Sulfur source (e.g., (NH₄)₂S) (e.g., (NH₄)₂S solution vaporReaction solution) vapor concentration in chamber Plasma PlasmaTemperature flux to reaction reaction chamber pressure Treatment Power °C. chamber (sccm) (%) (Torr) time(s) (W) RT-350 or 100-4000 5-90 or 5-950.5-10 or 0.1-600 25-1000 RT to 400 1-10

A temperature of the passivation process may be the same as atemperature used for subsequent processing of workpiece 116 (e.g.,deposition of a dielectric material, such as a high dielectric constantmaterial), in which case, the passivation process and dielectricmaterial deposition process may take place in the same reactor/chamber.Performing both steps in the same reactor may be advantageous, becausethe subsequent deposition can be performed without breaking the vacuumconditions; thus workpiece 116 exposure to air or an oxidizingenvironment can be reduced. However, the passivation process can beperformed in a separate chamber, and using a separate chamber may bedesirable if the process temperature of the passivation process isdifferent from the temperature used for subsequent workpiece 116processing.

The method may also include depositing dielectric material, such ashigh-k dielectric material onto the passivated semiconductor surface,which, as noted above, can be done in the same reactor or a differentreactor as the gas-phase passivation process. If done in separatereactors, the reactors may or may not be part of the same cluster tool.

Exemplary high-k materials that may be deposited onto the passivatedsurface include forms of metallic oxides with dielectric constants (kvalues) greater than about 7. Such materials include magnesium oxide(MgO), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), zirconium oxide (ZrO₂), hafnium oxide(HfO₂), hafnium silicon oxide (HfSiO), tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅), tantalumsilicon oxide (TaSiO), barium strontium titanate (BST), strontiumbismuth tantalate (SBT), and lanthanide oxides, oxides of physicallystable “rare earth” elements as scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum(La), cerium Ce, praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm),europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium(Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb) and lutetium (Lu), aswell as silicon nitride (SiN).

Using a gas-phase passivation process has several advantages compared towet solution passivation processes. For example, the exposure to airbetween passivation and deposition of the dielectric material can besignificantly reduced or eliminated or nearly eliminated using agas-phase process. As a result, devices with much lower D_(it) valuesand consequently better performance can be made using the techniques andsystem described herein.

SPECIFIC EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples illustrate a process of passivatinga surface of high-mobility semiconductor material and a device orstructure formed using the process. These examples are merelyillustrative, and it is not intended that the disclosure be limited tothe examples.

Comparative Example 1

An n-doped In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As semiconductor surface was epitaxiallygrown over a two inch InP substrate. The native oxide on theIn_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As surface was removed using a diluted HCl solution(37% HCl diluted×10 with deionized water) at room temperature for aboutsixty seconds. The samples were then rinsed twice with deionized waterfor 15 seconds/rinse and dried with a nitrogen gun. The surface waspassivated by immersing the workpiece in a liquid solution of (NH₄)₂S.

An ALD Al₂O₃ layer was then deposited onto the passivated workpiecesurface using trimethylaluminium (TMA) and H₂O as the precursors. Thethickness of the Al₂O₃ layer was about 1 nm for XPS analysis and about 5nm for electrical characterization samples. For the samples used forelectrical characterization, the dielectric material was annealed atabout 400° C. for about five minutes in a 10% hydrogen in nitrogenenvironment.

Example 1

An n-doped In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As semiconductor surface was epitaxiallygrown over a two inch InP substrate. The native oxide on theIn_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As surface was removed using a diluted HCl solution asset forth in the Comparative Example, and the samples were loaded into areactor chamber within five minutes of completing the clean, to controlan amount of time the surface was exposed to ambient air.

The surface was passivated with sulfur by exposing the surface to amixture of carrier gas (nitrogen) and a sulfur precursor source (22%(NH₄)₂S solution source). The reactor chamber temperature was about 300°C., the reaction time about 5 minutes, and the chamber pressure at about4 Torr.

An in situ ALD Al₂O₃ layer was then deposited onto the passivatedworkpiece surface using TMA and H₂O as the precursors, without breakingvacuum between the passivation and dielectric material deposition steps.The thickness of the Al₂O₃ layer was about 1 nm for XPS analysis andabout 5 nm for electrical characterization samples. For the samples usedfor electrical characterization, the dielectric material was thenannealed at about 400° C. for about five minutes in a 10% hydrogen innitrogen environment.

FIG. 2 illustrates XPS analysis of the samples, showing that a greateramount of sulfur was detected on the semiconductor surfaces ofworkpieces processed using the in situ vapor passivation process,compared to semiconductor surfaces treated with an aqueous immersionpassivation process.

FIGS. 3(a)-(c) illustrate XPS analysis results of 1 nm of Al₂O₃deposited on In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As using the in situ sulfur vaportreatment of Example 1. In particular, FIG. 3(a) illustrates a singlepeak indium 3 d; FIG. 3(b) illustrates a single peak for arsenic 3 d;and FIG. 3(c) illustrates multiple XPS peaks for gallium 3p, all ofwhich indicate a lack of oxygen at the interface between thesemiconductor surface and the dielectric layer.

Example 2

An n-doped In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As semiconductor surface was epitaxiallygrown over a two inch InP substrate. The native oxide on theIn_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As surface was removed using a diluted HCl solution asset forth in the Example 1. The surface was passivated by ex situ(NH₄)₂S vapor. An ALD Al₂O₃ layer was then deposited onto the passivatedworkpiece surface using TMA and H₂O as the precursors. The thickness ofthe Al₂O₃ layer was about 1 nm for XPS analysis and about 5 nm forelectrical characterization samples. For the samples used for electricalcharacterization, the dielectric material was then annealed at about400° C. for about five minutes in a 10% hydrogen in nitrogenenvironment.

FIGS. 4(a)-4(c) illustrate improved frequency dispersioncapacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristic of the devices formed inaccordance with Examples 1 and 2, compared to the Comparative Exampleand to samples with no passivation. The C-V dispersion measurements wereperformed over frequencies in the range of about 100 Hz to about 1 MHzat room temperature and at 77 K to extract trap densities.

Table 2 lists the capacitance dispersion at the depletion andaccumulation regions of structures/devices formed using no passivationand the processes of the Comparative Example and Examples 1 and 2. Allpassivated samples exhibit improved properties compared to the sampleswith no passivation. The ex-situ vapor passivation treatment exhibitsthe lowest dispersion while the in-situ vapor and solution-basedpassivation treatments yield slightly higher values. In order to map theinterface state across the bandgap, CV curves were generated attemperatures down to 77 K. Table 3 shows the D_(it) values at the midgap and conduction band edge. The D_(it) values listed in Table 3 wereextracted by using conduce method at 300 K (near mid-gap) to 77 K (closeto band edge). The D_(it) values of passivated samples are reduced to alevel on the order of 1E12/cm² eV. These low values of D_(it) areexpected to yield high mobility transistor devices with betterperformance.

TABLE 2 Capacitance Dispersion (% Decade) Treatment Strong AccumulationDepletion No Passivation 3.19 7.1 Comparative Example 1 3.09 4.86Example 2 2.8 2.76 Example 1 3.41 4.57

TABLE 3 Samples D_(it) at midgap D_(it) near band edge No Passivation2.1 e¹²(/cm²eV)   2 e¹²(/cm²eV) Example 2 1.5 e¹²(/cm²eV) 2.5e¹¹(/cm²eV) Comparative Example 1 1.5 e¹²(/cm²eV)   5 e¹¹(/cm²e4)Example 1 1.8 e¹²(/cm²eV)   1 e¹²(/cm²eV)

Example 3

An n-doped In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As semiconductor surface was epitaxiallygrown over a two inch InP substrate. The native oxide on theIn_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As surface was removed using a diluted HCl solution asset forth in the Comparative Example, and the samples were loaded into areactor chamber within five minutes of completing the clean, to controlan amount of time the surface was exposed to ambient air.

The surface was passivated with sulfur by exposing the surface to amixture of carrier gas (nitrogen) and a sulfur precursor source (22%(NH₄)₂S solution source). The reactor chamber temperature was about 300°C., the reaction time about 5 minutes, and the chamber pressure at about4 Torr.

An in situ ALD Al₂O₃ layer was then deposited onto the passivatedworkpiece surface using TMA and H₂0 as the precursors, without breakingvacuum between the passivation and dielectric material deposition steps.An in-situ layer of hafnium oxide was then formed overlying the aluminumoxide layer using HfCl₄ and water as precursors. The thickness of theAl₂O₃ layer was about 1 nm and the hafnium oxide layer thickness wasabout 3 nm. The samples were annealed at about 400° C. for about fiveminutes in a 10% hydrogen in nitrogen environment.

Example 4

Structures were prepared according to Example 3, except H₂S in anitrogen carrier gas was used to passivate the HCl-cleaned surface priorto the aluminum oxide and hafnium oxide deposition steps.

Table 4 below and FIGS. 5(a)-5(c) illustrate electrical characteristicsof samples formed in accordance with Examples 3 and 4 and samples withan HCl-cleaned surface and no passivation treatment prior to thealuminum oxide and hafnium oxide deposition. As illustrated in FIGS.5(b)-5(c), structures formed in accordance with Examples 3 and 4 exhibitimproved frequency dispersion capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristic,compared to sample with no passivation (FIG. 5(a)). The C-V dispersionmeasurements were performed and the D_(it) values were extracted usingthe techniques described above. The D_(it) values of passivated samplesare reduced to a level about 1.8E12/cm² eV (Example 3) and 1.6E12/cm² eV(Example 4) or to about 60 percent (Example 3) and 53 percent (Example4) of the D_(it) of similarly formed structures without a passivationstep. These low values of D_(it) are expected to yield high mobilitytransistor devices with better performance.

TABLE 4 D_(it)@midgap Dispersion in strong CV Treatment CET (/eVcm²)accumulation hysteresis HCI only 1.7 nm   3e12 4.9%/dec 100 mV  Example3 1.6 nm 1.8e12   5%/dec 60 mV Example 4 1.6 nm 1.6e12   5%/dec 50 mV

Example 5

Structures in accordance with Example 5 were prepared using a methodsimilar to the method used to form the structures of Example 4, exceptabout 4 nm of aluminum oxide, rather than a combination of aluminumoxide and hafnium oxide, is deposited onto a cleaned surface.

Example 6

Similarly, structures in accordance with Example 6 were prepared using amethod similar to the method used to form the structures of Example 3,except about 4 nm of aluminum oxide, rather than a combination ofaluminum oxide and hafnium oxide, is deposited onto a cleaned surface.

Table 5 below and FIGS. 6(a)-6(c) illustrate electrical characteristicsof structures formed in accordance with Examples 5 and 6 and structureswith an HCl-cleaned surface and no passivation treatment prior to thealuminum oxide deposition. As illustrated in FIGS. 6(b)-6(c), structuresformed in accordance with Examples 5 and 6 exhibit improved frequencydispersion capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristic, compared to asample with no passivation (FIG. 6(c)). The C-V dispersion measurementswere performed and D_(it) values were obtained using the techniquesdescribed above. Table 5 shows the D_(it) values at the mid gap weresignificantly reduced. The D_(it) values are reduced to a level about6.0E11/cm² eV for structures formed in accordance with both Example 5and Example 6, or to about 20 percent of the D_(it) value of similarlyformed structures without a passivation step. These low values of D_(it)are expected to yield high mobility transistor devices with betterperformance

TABLE 5 D_(it)@midgap Dispersion in strong CV Treatment CET (/eVcm²)accumulation hysteresis HCI only 2.9 <3.0e12  0.8%/dec 10 mV Example 53.1 6.0e11 1.1%/dec 20 mV Example 6 3.1 6.0e11 1.0%/dec 10 mV

Although exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are set forthherein, it should be appreciated that the disclosure is not so limited.For example, although the systems, methods, devices, and structures aredescribed in connection with various process parameters, the disclosureis not so limited. Various modifications, variations, and enhancementsof the system and method set forth herein may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as set forth in thefollowing claims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of passivating a surface of asemiconductor, the method comprising the steps of: providing the surfaceof the semiconductor to a reaction chamber of a reactor; exposing thesurface of the semiconductor to a gas-phase sulfur precursor selectedfrom the group consisting of H₂S, NH₄HS, and organosulfur compounds inthe reaction chamber; and passivating the surface of the semiconductorin the reaction chamber using the gas-phase sulfur precursor to form apassivated semiconductor surface, wherein a pressure within the reactionchamber during the step of passivating is between 0.5 Torr and 750 Torr.2. The method of passivating a surface of a semiconductor according toclaim 1, wherein a source for the sulfur precursor is selected from thegroup consisting of organosulfur compounds.
 3. The method of passivatinga surface of a semiconductor according to claim 1, further comprisingthe step of depositing dielectric material onto the passivatedsemiconductor surface.
 4. The method of passivating a surface of asemiconductor according to claim 3, wherein the step of depositingdielectric material and the step of exposing the surface of thesemiconductor to a gas-phase sulfur-precursor are performed in the samereactor.
 5. The method of passivating a surface of a semiconductoraccording to claim 3, wherein the step of depositing dielectric materialand the step of exposing the surface of the semiconductor to a gas-phaseprecursor are performed in separate reactors.
 6. The method ofpassivating a surface of a semiconductor according to claim 3, whereinthe step of depositing dielectric material comprises depositing aluminumoxide.
 7. The method of passivating a surface of a semiconductoraccording to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor is a high-mobilitysemiconductor selected from the group consisting of germanium and III-Vsemiconductor materials.
 8. The method of passivating a surface of asemiconductor according to claim 1, further comprising the step ofcleaning the surface of a semiconductor prior, using an in-situgas-phase process, prior to the step of exposing the surface of thesemiconductor to a gas-phase sulfur precursor.
 9. The method ofpassivating a surface of a semiconductor according to claim 1, whereinthe step of exposing the surface comprises exposing the surface of thesemiconductor wafer to a plasma process.
 10. The method of passivating asurface of a semiconductor according to claim 1, wherein the step ofproviding the surface of the semiconductor to a reaction chamber of areactor comprises providing the surface within an atomic layerdeposition reactor.
 11. The method of passivating a surface of asemiconductor according to claim 1, further comprising the steps ofproviding a carrier gas and mixing the carrier gas with the gas-phasesulfur precursor.
 12. A method of passivating a surface of asemiconductor, the method comprising the steps of: providing the surfaceof the semiconductor to a reaction chamber of a reactor; exposing thesurface of the semiconductor to a gas-phase sulfur precursor selectedfrom the group consisting of NH₄HS, H₂S, and organosulfur compounds inthe reaction chamber; and passivating the surface of the semiconductorin the reaction chamber using the gas-phase sulfur precursor to form apassivated semiconductor surface.
 13. A method of passivating a surfaceof a semiconductor, the method comprising the steps of: providing thesurface of the semiconductor to a reaction chamber of a reactor;cleaning the surface of the semiconductor using an in-situ hydrogengas-phase process, after the step of cleaning, exposing the surface ofthe semiconductor to a gas-phase sulfur precursor selected from thegroup consisting of NH₄HS, H₂S, and organosulfur compounds in thereaction chamber; and passivating the surface of the semiconductor inthe reaction chamber using the gas-phase sulfur precursor to form apassivated semiconductor surface.
 14. The method of passivating asurface of a semiconductor according to claim 12, further comprising thestep of cleaning the surface of the semiconductor using an in-situgas-phase process using a cleaning source selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen gas and hydrogen plasma prior to the step ofexposing the surface of the semiconductor to a gas-phase sulfurprecursor.